However, no evidence for an ISPC effect was obtained the display frequency effect measured on the neutral trials accounted for all differences in the congruency effect, as proposed by Schmidt and Besner (2008). The results indicate that feature repetitions, display frequency, and sequential modulations of both congruency and frequency effects all affect response time. (2003), under which the possible word–color pairings differed in terms of proportion occurrence, by adding neutral trials to obtain independent estimates of the effects of display frequency. We modified the procedure used by Jacoby et al. In the present study, we used a four-choice Stroop task in which we hold constant the frequencies of the stimulus features and responses, but manipulate the frequencies of their conjunctions. However, few experiments have been designed to independently manipulate these factors. To explain these modulating effects, a host of mechanisms by which previous trials affect the processing of relevant and irrelevant information on the present trial have been proposed, including feature repetition advantages, negative priming, item-specific proportion congruency (ISPC) effects, display frequency effects, and sequential modulations of both congruency and frequency effects. The magnitude of congruency effects depends on, among other things, the specifics of previous trials. Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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